A collection of Resources, News and Technologies from the Water and Wastewater Treatment Industry

Osmosis is a fundamental natural phenomenon that occurs in both plants and animals. It helps maintain cellular balance and regulate internal pressure. This process takes place when two solutions with different concentrations of dissolved salts are separated by a semipermeable membrane.

Flocculants play a critical role in modern water and wastewater treatment, yet many professionals still find it difficult to understand the differences between flocculant types and how to select the right one. Among all available options, inorganic polymer flocculants, especially Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC), have become one of the most widely used chemicals due to their high efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness.

Advanced electrocoagulation system for fluoride and iron removal in industrial wastewater. Learn how optimized aluminium electrode configuration improves water quality, reduces residual metals, and enhances process stability.

In electrodialysis (ED) and bipolar electrodialysis (EDBM) systems, correct membrane identification and orientation are essential to ensure efficient ion transport and system performance. A simple and effective laboratory method uses two common dyes—Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange—to distinguish between Anion Exchange Membranes (AEM), Cation Exchange Membranes (CEM), and Bipolar Membranes (BPM).

This study investigates the technical feasibility of employing bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) for the simultaneous recovery of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) from ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) waste streams.